Atopic dermatitis
is a recurrent inflammatory skin condition that most often begins in infants from around 3 months of age. Its prevalence has increased over the past few decades, particularly in Western countries with a high standard of living. Other atopic manifestations, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, or conjunctivitis, are often associated with individuals affected by atopic dermatitis (AD) or in their family.
The mechanisms of atopic dermatitis are complex, involving immunological, genetic, and environmental factors, with the skin exhibiting hyperreactivity to allergens that are normally well tolerated (dust, mites, pet hair, etc.). AD is characterized by dry skin and flare-ups of eczema, which initially present as red, oozing patches that later become crusty. The locations of AD evolve over time: it usually affects the cheeks, forehead, and thumb-sucking area in infants, then the folds of the elbows and knees in children. In most cases, AD improves with age, but it is impossible to predict when it will regress for a specific individual. Sometimes, it persists or appears in adolescents or adults, often affecting the face and neck. No additional tests are necessary to diagnose AD. Allergy tests are not routinely performed and are reserved for very specific cases. The first-line treatment for AD involves the application of corticosteroid creams, most commonly, or ointments. When properly managed by a dermatologist, this treatment is not harmful to children. However, there is often "corticophobia" and many misconceptions related to the negative reputation of these treatments. It is also essential to regularly hydrate the skin with emollients and eliminate irritants.
